What You Need to Know About Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks

A panic attack can be defined as an episode of intense fear that occurs suddenly and is accompanied by physical symptoms. During these episodes, despite the absence of real danger, the person experiences significant distress, anxiety, and even feelings of terror. Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks are the most prominent signs of a mental disorder known as panic disorder. The most important features of panic disorder are as follows:

• Constant Worry: The person experiencing attacks constantly worries about when and where the next crisis will occur during the intervals between attacks.

• Catastrophic Scenarios: The individual lives in fear that the attacks may lead to disasters such as a heart attack, stroke, losing control, or going crazy.

• Behavioral Changes: To avoid a potential attack, the person alters their daily routines and habits. This can manifest in various ways, from avoiding certain places (e.g., shopping malls, public transport) to steering clear of certain foods and drinks.

This condition occurs in about 3-4% of the population and typically begins between the ages of 20 and 35. It is observed 2-3 times more frequently in women than in men, and it is believed that the incidence has increased in recent years. Panic attacks usually reach their peak intensity within 10 minutes and subside within 20-30 minutes, although in some cases, this duration can extend up to an hour.

Panic Attack Symptoms: Physical and Mental Signs

 To understand that a person is experiencing a panic attack, at least four of the following symptoms must occur simultaneously. These symptoms are one of the most important elements that can trigger a panic moment, as they are often confused with serious physical conditions like a heart attack.

 Shortness of breath or feeling like you are choking

• Rapid heartbeat, irregular heartbeat, or palpitations

• Nausea or abdominal pain

• Dizziness, lightheadedness, or feeling faint

• Sudden need to use the bathroom

• Feeling of terror or fear of death

• Hot flashes, intense sweating, or trembling

• Feeling unreal or detached from oneself (Derealization or depersonalization)

• Numbness or tingling in various parts of the body

• Tinnitus

• Dry mouth

Causes of Panic Attacks: Risk Factors and Triggers

The emergence of a panic attack is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some risk factors that may affect the development of this disorder include:

• Genetic Predisposition: A family history of panic disorder may make an individual more susceptible to this condition.

• Brain Chemistry: Imbalances in certain neurotransmitters in the brain (such as serotonin and norepinephrine) may play a significant role in the occurrence of panic attacks.

• Habits and Substance Use: Smoking, alcohol, excessive caffeine, and drugs can increase the frequency and severity of panic attacks. Some antidepressants can even lead to panic-like symptoms at the beginning of treatment.

• Traumatic Events:  Losing a loved one, experiencing sexual or physical abuse, or going through a divorce can trigger panic disorder.

• Personality Traits: Certain personality traits, such as hysterical personality structure, shyness, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or borderline personality disorder, can make a person more susceptible to panic disorder. 

Treatment Methods for Panic Disorder: Professional Support is Essential

Panic disorder diagnosis cannot be made with a single standardized test. Therefore, the doctor will first request necessary tests to rule out physical illnesses (such as heart conditions, thyroid issues, etc.) that may cause symptoms similar to panic attacks. If no physical cause is found, the individual is referred to a mental health professional (psychiatrist or psychologist).

One of the most commonly used and proven effective methods in the treatment of panic disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The goal of CBT is to help the individual understand that the physical symptoms experienced during a panic attack (such as palpitations and shortness of breath) do not pose a life-threatening danger. The therapist teaches the individual coping strategies for panic attacks and helps them change negative thought patterns.

Other methods used in the treatment of panic disorder include:

• Medication Treatment: Especially in cases where attacks are severe, antidepressant or anxiolytic medications may be used under the supervision of a psychiatrist.

• Talk Therapy: In one-on-one sessions with a therapist, emotional and psychological factors underlying the panic attack are addressed.

• Hypnosis: In some cases, hypnosis can be used to explore and transform fears and anxieties in the subconscious. 

Important Note: What to Do During a Panic Attack?

If you are experiencing a panic attack, try to stay calm and remind yourself that this situation is temporary. You can try the following:

• Breathing Exercise: Take slow, deep breaths. Controlling your breath reduces the fear response in your body.

• Reality Grounding: Distract yourself by focusing on five objects around you, four sounds, three touches, two smells, and one taste. This helps you shift your attention away from the current fear and return to the reality of the moment.

Remember: Panic disorder is a treatable condition. If you think you are experiencing symptoms, do not hesitate to seek support from a professional. Professional help is the best step to manage this condition and improve your quality of life.